The use of cerebral monitoring for intraoperative awareness
Keywords:
Consciousness monitors, Intraoperative awareness, Anesthesia, Mental recall, Review literature as topic
Abstract
Introduction: the bispectral index monitoring system (BIS) was introduced in the United States in 1994 and approved by the FDA in 1996 with the objective of measuring the level of consciousness through an algorithm analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG) during general anesthesia.
This novelty allowed both the surgeon and the anesthesiologist to have a more objective perception of anesthesia depth. The algorithm is based on different EEG parameters, including time, frequency, and spectral wave. This provides a non-dimensional number, which varies from zero to 100; with optimal levels being between 40 and 60.
Objectives: Perform an analysis of the advantages and limitations of the anesthetic management with the bispectral index monitoring, specifically for the management and prevention of intraoperative awareness.
Methodology: A non-systematic review was made from literature available in PubMed between the years 2001 and 2015, using keywords such as "BIS", "bispectral monitoring", "monitoreo cerebral", "despertar intraoperatorio", "recall" and "intraoperative awareness".
Results: A total of 2526 articles were found, from which only the ones containing both bispectral monitoring and intraoperative awareness information were taken into consideration. A total of 68 articles were used for this review.
Conclusion: BIS guided anesthesia has documented less immediate postoperative complications such as incidence of postoperative nausea/vomit, pain and delirium. It also prevents intraoperative awareness and its complications.
References
1. Bard JW. The BIS monitor: a review and technology assessment. AANA J. 2001;69:477-83.
2. Shepherd J, Jones J, Frampton G, Bryant J, Baxter L, Cooper K. Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of depth of anaesthesia monitoring (E-Entropy Bispectral Index and Narcotrend): a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2013;17:1-264.
3. Li TN, Li Y. Depth of anaesthesia monitors and the latest algorithms. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;7:429-37.
4. Ellerkmann RK, Soehle M, Kreuer S. Brain monitoring revisited: what is it all about? Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2013;27:225-33.
5. Bottros MM, Palanca BJ, Mashour GA, Patel A, Butler C, Taylor A, et al. Estimation of the bispectral index by anesthesiologists: an inverse turing test. Anesthesiology. 2011;114:1093-101.
6. Jung JY, Cho CB, Min BM. Bispectral index monitoring correlates with the level of consciousness in brain injured patients. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2013;64:246-50.
7. NICE. Depth of anaesthesia monitors. Biespectral Index (BIS), E-Entropy and Narcotrend-Compact M. 2012; NICE diagnostics guidance 6 (November 2012).
8. Punjasawadwong Y, Boonjeungmonkol N, Phongchiewboon A. Bispectral index for improving anaesthetic delivery and postoperative recovery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007:CD003843.
9. Punjasawadwong Y, Phongchiewboon A, Bunchungmongkol N. Bispectral index for improving anaesthetic delivery and postoperative recovery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;6:CD003843.
10. Monk TG, Saini V, Weldon BC, Sigl JC. Anesthetic management and one-year mortality after noncardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:4-10.
11. Leslie K, Myles PS, Forbes A, Chan MT. The effect of bispectral index monitoring on long-term survival in the B-aware trial. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:816-22.
12. Kertai MD, Pal N, Palanca BJ, Lin N, Searleman SA, Zhang L, et al. Association of perioperative risk factors and cumulative duration of low bispectral index with intermediate-term mortality after cardiac surgery in the B-Unaware Trial. Anesthesiology. 2010;112:1116-27.
13. Avidan MS, Jacobsohn E, Glick D, Burnside BA, Zhang L, Villafranca A, et al. Prevention of intraoperative awareness in a high-risk surgical population. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:591-600.
14. Sessler DI, Sigl JC, Kelley SD, Chamoun NG, Manberg PJ, Saager L, et al. Hospital stay and mortality are increased in patients having a "triple low" of low blood pressure, low bispectral index, and low minimum alveolar concentration of volatile anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2012;116:1195-203.
15. Kertai MD, White WD, Gan TJ. Cumulative duration of "triple low" state of low blood pressure, low bispectral index, and low minimum alveolar concentration of volatile anesthesia is not associated with increased mortality. Anesthesiology. 2014;121:18-28.
16. Stapelfeldt WH. Duration of hypotension (still) matters. Anesthesiology. 2015;122:470.
17. Kertai MD, White WD, Gan TJ. In reply. Anesthesiology. 2015;122:471.
18. Myles PS. Untangling the triple low: causal inference in anesthesia research. Anesthesiology. 2014;121:1-3.
19. Kertai MD, Whitlock EL, Avidan MS. Brain monitoring with electroencephalography and the electroencephalogram-derived bispectral index during cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2012;114:533-46.
20. Vance JL, Shanks AM, Woodrum DT. Intraoperative bispectral index monitoring and time to extubation after cardiac surgery: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2014;14:79.
21. Villafranca A, Thomson IA, Grocott HP, Avidan MS, Kahn S, Jacobsohn E. The impact of bispectral index versus end-tidal anesthetic concentration-guided anesthesia on time to tracheal extubation in fast-track cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2013;116:541-8.
22. Miyake W, Oda Y, Ikeda Y, Tanaka K, Hagihira S, Iwaki H, et al. Effect of remifentanil on cardiovascular and bispectral index responses following the induction of anesthesia with midazolam and subsequent tracheal intubation. J Anesth. 2010;24:161-7.
23. Chan MT, Cheng BC, Lee TM, Gin T, Group CT. BIS-guided anesthesia decreases postoperative delirium and cognitive decline. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2013;25:33-42.
24. Soehle M, Dittmann A, Ellerkmann RK, Baumgarten G, Putensen C, Guenther U. Intraoperative burst suppression is associated with postoperative delirium following cardiac surgery: a prospective, observational study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2015;15:61.
25. Short TG, Leslie K, Chan MT, Campbell D, Frampton C, Myles P. Rationale and design of the balanced anesthesia study: a prospective randomized clinical trial of two levels of anesthetic depth on patient outcome after major surgery. Anesth Analg. 2015;121:357-65.
26. Wang DS, Orser BA. Inhibition of learning and memory by general anesthetics. Can J Anaesth. 2011;58:167-77.
27. Colciago A, Casati L, Negri-Cesi P, Celotti F. Learning and memory: steroids and epigenetics. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2015;150:64-85.
28. Lequeux PY, Hecquet F, Bredas P. Does anesthetic regimen influence implicit memory during general anesthesia? Anesth Analg. 2014;119:1174-9.
29. Mashour GA, Avidan MS. Pharmacologic approaches to the prevention of intraoperative awareness. Exp Rev Neurother. 2011;11:611-3.
30. Nunes RR, Porto VC, Miranda VT, de Andrade NQ Carneiro LM. Risk factor for intraoperative awareness. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2012;62:365-74.
31. Sebel PS, Bowdle TA, Ghoneim MM, Rampil IJ, Padilla RE, Gan TJ, et al. The incidence of awareness during anesthesia: a multicenter United States study. Anesth Analg 2004;99: 833-9.
32. Flouda L, Pandazi A, Papageorgiou C, Perrea D, Krepi E, Kostopanagiotou G. Comparative effects of sevoflurane and propofol based general anaesthesia for elective surgery on memory. Arch Med Sci. 2013;9:105-11.
33. Zurek AA, Yu J, Wang DS, Haffey SC, Bridgwater EM, Penna A, et al. Sustained increase in alpha5GABAA receptor function impairs memory after anesthesia. J Clin Invest. 2014;124:5437-41.
34. Avidan M, Mashour GA. Awareness with recall following general anesthesia. UpToDate; 2014.
35. Rule E, Reddy S. Awareness under general anaesthesia. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2014;75:573-7.
36. Winterbottom EH. Insufficient anaesthesia. Br Med J. 1950;1:247.
37. Kotsovolis G, Komninos G. Awareness during anesthesia: how sure can we be that the patient is sleeping indeed? Hippokratia. 2009;13:83-9.
38. Pandit JJ, Cook TM, Jonker WR, O'Sullivan E, 5th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain, Ireland. A national survey of anaesthetists (NAP5 baseline) to estimate an annual incidence of accidental awareness during general anaesthesia in the UK. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110:501-9.
39. Mashour GA, Wang LY, Turner CR, Vandervest JC, Shanks A, Tremper KK. A retrospective study of intraoperative awareness with methodological implications. Anesth Analg. 2009;108:521-6.
40. Pandit JJ, Andrade J, Bogod DG, Hitchman JM, Jonker WR, Lucas N, et al. 5th National Audit Project (NAP5) on accidental awareness during general anaesthesia: summary of main findings and risk factors. Br J Anaesth. 2014;113:549-59.
41. Kent CD, Domino KB. Awareness: practice, standards, and the law. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2007;21:369-83.
42. Morimoto Y, Nogami Y, Harada K, Tsubokawa T, Masui K. Awareness during anesthesia: the results of a questionnaire survey in Japan. J Anesth. 2011;25:72-7.
43. Cook TM, Pandit J, Bogod D, Lucas N, Plaat F. The obstetric RSI. Br J Anaesth. 2015;115:325.
44. Nasser LS, Babatunde S. The obstetric rapid sequence induction: time for a change? Br J Anaesth. 2015;115:324-5.
45. Metzner J, Posner KL, Lam MS, Domino KB. Closed claims' analysis. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2011;25:263-76.
46. Avidan MS, Mashour GA. Prevention of intraoperative awareness with explicit recall: making sense of the evidence. Anesthesiology. 2013;118:449-56.
47. Samuelsson P, Brudin L, Sandin RH. Late psychological symptoms after awareness among consecutively included surgical patients. Anesthesiology. 2007;106:26-32.
48. Pandit JJ, Cook TM, Jonker WR, O'Sullivan E, National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. A national survey of anaesthetists (NAP5 Baseline) to estimate an annual incidence of accidental awareness during general anaesthesia in the UK. Anaesthesia. 2013;68:343-53.
49. Aceto P, Perilli V, Lai C, Sacco T, Ancona P, Gasperin E, et al. Update on post-traumatic stress syndrome after anesthesia. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013;17:1730-7.
50. Largest ever study of awareness during general anaesthesia identifies risk factors and consequences for patients, including long-term psychological, harm. J Perioper Pract. 2014;24:218.
51. Chung HS. Awareness and recall during general anesthesia. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2014;66:339-45.
52. Sandin RH, Enlund G, Samuelsson P, Lennmarken C. Awareness during anaesthesia: a prospective case study. Lancet. 2000;355:707-11.
53. Vivien B, Di Maria S, Ouattara A, Langeron O, Coriat P, Riou B. Overestimation of Bispectral Index in sedated intensive care unit patients revealed by administration of muscle relaxant. Anesthesiology. 2003;99:9-17.
54. Linstedt U, Haecker KG, Prengel AW. Light levels of anaesthesia after relaxation for tracheal intubation -comparison of succinylcholine and cis-atracurium. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2012;56:762-9.
55. Ghoneim MM, Block RI, Haffarnan M, Mathews MJ. Awareness during anesthesia: risk factors, causes and sequelae: a review of reported cases in the literature. Anesth Analg. 2009;108:527-35.
56. Errand CL, Sigl JC, Robles M, Calabuig E, Garcia J, Arocas F, et al. Awareness with recall during general anaesthesia: a prospective observational evaluation of 4001 patients. Br J Anaesth. 2008;101:178-85.
57. Enlund M. TIVA, awareness, and the Brice interview. Author reply. Anesth Analg. 2006;102:967.
58. Mashour GA, Esaki RK, Tremper KK, Glick DB, O'Connor M, Avidan MS. A novel classification instrument for intraoperative awareness events. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:813-5.
59. Mashour GA, Wang LY, Esaki RK, Naughton NN. Operating room desensitization as a novel treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder after intraoperative awareness. Anesthesiology. 2008;109:927-9.
60. Myles PS, Leslie K, McNeil J, Forbes A, Chan MT. Bispectral index monitoring to prevent awareness during anaesthesia: the B-Aware randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;363:1757-63.
61. Mashour GA, Shanks A, Tremper KK, Kheterpal S, Turner CR, Ramachandran SK, et al. Prevention of intraoperative awareness with explicit recall in an unselected surgical population: a randomized comparative effectiveness trial. Anesthesiology. 2012;117:717-25.
62. Mashour GA, Kent C, Picton P, Ramachandran SK, Tremper KK, Turner CR, et al. Assessment of intraoperative awareness with explicit recall: a comparison of 2 methods. Anesth Analg. 2013;116:889-91.
63. Xu L, Wu AS, Yue Y. The incidence of intra-operative awareness during general anesthesia in China: a multi-center observational study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2009;53:873-82.
64. Irwin MG, Hui TW, Milne SE, Kenny GN. Propofol effective concentration 50 and its relationship to bispectral index. Anaesthesia. 2002;57:242-8.
65. Zhang C, Xu L, Ma YQ, Sun YX, Li YH, Zhang L, et al. Bispectral index monitoring prevent awareness during total intravenous anesthesia: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, multi-center controlled trial. Chin Med J (Engl). 2011;124:3664-9.
66. Nino-de Mejía MC, Hennig JdC, Cohen D. El despertar intraoperatorio en anestesia, una revisión. Rev Mex Anestesiol. 2011;34:274-85.
67. Cascella M. Anesthesia awareness. Can midazolam attenuate or prevent memory consolidation on intraoperative awakening during general anesthesia without increasing the risk of postoperative delirium? Korean J Anesthesiol. 2015;68:200-2.
68. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Intraoperative, A., Practice advisory for intraoperative awareness and brain function monitoring: a report by the american society of anesthesiologists task force on intraoperative, awareness. Anesthesiology. 2006;104: 847-64.
2. Shepherd J, Jones J, Frampton G, Bryant J, Baxter L, Cooper K. Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of depth of anaesthesia monitoring (E-Entropy Bispectral Index and Narcotrend): a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2013;17:1-264.
3. Li TN, Li Y. Depth of anaesthesia monitors and the latest algorithms. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2014;7:429-37.
4. Ellerkmann RK, Soehle M, Kreuer S. Brain monitoring revisited: what is it all about? Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2013;27:225-33.
5. Bottros MM, Palanca BJ, Mashour GA, Patel A, Butler C, Taylor A, et al. Estimation of the bispectral index by anesthesiologists: an inverse turing test. Anesthesiology. 2011;114:1093-101.
6. Jung JY, Cho CB, Min BM. Bispectral index monitoring correlates with the level of consciousness in brain injured patients. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2013;64:246-50.
7. NICE. Depth of anaesthesia monitors. Biespectral Index (BIS), E-Entropy and Narcotrend-Compact M. 2012; NICE diagnostics guidance 6 (November 2012).
8. Punjasawadwong Y, Boonjeungmonkol N, Phongchiewboon A. Bispectral index for improving anaesthetic delivery and postoperative recovery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007:CD003843.
9. Punjasawadwong Y, Phongchiewboon A, Bunchungmongkol N. Bispectral index for improving anaesthetic delivery and postoperative recovery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;6:CD003843.
10. Monk TG, Saini V, Weldon BC, Sigl JC. Anesthetic management and one-year mortality after noncardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:4-10.
11. Leslie K, Myles PS, Forbes A, Chan MT. The effect of bispectral index monitoring on long-term survival in the B-aware trial. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:816-22.
12. Kertai MD, Pal N, Palanca BJ, Lin N, Searleman SA, Zhang L, et al. Association of perioperative risk factors and cumulative duration of low bispectral index with intermediate-term mortality after cardiac surgery in the B-Unaware Trial. Anesthesiology. 2010;112:1116-27.
13. Avidan MS, Jacobsohn E, Glick D, Burnside BA, Zhang L, Villafranca A, et al. Prevention of intraoperative awareness in a high-risk surgical population. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:591-600.
14. Sessler DI, Sigl JC, Kelley SD, Chamoun NG, Manberg PJ, Saager L, et al. Hospital stay and mortality are increased in patients having a "triple low" of low blood pressure, low bispectral index, and low minimum alveolar concentration of volatile anesthesia. Anesthesiology. 2012;116:1195-203.
15. Kertai MD, White WD, Gan TJ. Cumulative duration of "triple low" state of low blood pressure, low bispectral index, and low minimum alveolar concentration of volatile anesthesia is not associated with increased mortality. Anesthesiology. 2014;121:18-28.
16. Stapelfeldt WH. Duration of hypotension (still) matters. Anesthesiology. 2015;122:470.
17. Kertai MD, White WD, Gan TJ. In reply. Anesthesiology. 2015;122:471.
18. Myles PS. Untangling the triple low: causal inference in anesthesia research. Anesthesiology. 2014;121:1-3.
19. Kertai MD, Whitlock EL, Avidan MS. Brain monitoring with electroencephalography and the electroencephalogram-derived bispectral index during cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2012;114:533-46.
20. Vance JL, Shanks AM, Woodrum DT. Intraoperative bispectral index monitoring and time to extubation after cardiac surgery: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Anesthesiol. 2014;14:79.
21. Villafranca A, Thomson IA, Grocott HP, Avidan MS, Kahn S, Jacobsohn E. The impact of bispectral index versus end-tidal anesthetic concentration-guided anesthesia on time to tracheal extubation in fast-track cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg. 2013;116:541-8.
22. Miyake W, Oda Y, Ikeda Y, Tanaka K, Hagihira S, Iwaki H, et al. Effect of remifentanil on cardiovascular and bispectral index responses following the induction of anesthesia with midazolam and subsequent tracheal intubation. J Anesth. 2010;24:161-7.
23. Chan MT, Cheng BC, Lee TM, Gin T, Group CT. BIS-guided anesthesia decreases postoperative delirium and cognitive decline. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2013;25:33-42.
24. Soehle M, Dittmann A, Ellerkmann RK, Baumgarten G, Putensen C, Guenther U. Intraoperative burst suppression is associated with postoperative delirium following cardiac surgery: a prospective, observational study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2015;15:61.
25. Short TG, Leslie K, Chan MT, Campbell D, Frampton C, Myles P. Rationale and design of the balanced anesthesia study: a prospective randomized clinical trial of two levels of anesthetic depth on patient outcome after major surgery. Anesth Analg. 2015;121:357-65.
26. Wang DS, Orser BA. Inhibition of learning and memory by general anesthetics. Can J Anaesth. 2011;58:167-77.
27. Colciago A, Casati L, Negri-Cesi P, Celotti F. Learning and memory: steroids and epigenetics. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2015;150:64-85.
28. Lequeux PY, Hecquet F, Bredas P. Does anesthetic regimen influence implicit memory during general anesthesia? Anesth Analg. 2014;119:1174-9.
29. Mashour GA, Avidan MS. Pharmacologic approaches to the prevention of intraoperative awareness. Exp Rev Neurother. 2011;11:611-3.
30. Nunes RR, Porto VC, Miranda VT, de Andrade NQ Carneiro LM. Risk factor for intraoperative awareness. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2012;62:365-74.
31. Sebel PS, Bowdle TA, Ghoneim MM, Rampil IJ, Padilla RE, Gan TJ, et al. The incidence of awareness during anesthesia: a multicenter United States study. Anesth Analg 2004;99: 833-9.
32. Flouda L, Pandazi A, Papageorgiou C, Perrea D, Krepi E, Kostopanagiotou G. Comparative effects of sevoflurane and propofol based general anaesthesia for elective surgery on memory. Arch Med Sci. 2013;9:105-11.
33. Zurek AA, Yu J, Wang DS, Haffey SC, Bridgwater EM, Penna A, et al. Sustained increase in alpha5GABAA receptor function impairs memory after anesthesia. J Clin Invest. 2014;124:5437-41.
34. Avidan M, Mashour GA. Awareness with recall following general anesthesia. UpToDate; 2014.
35. Rule E, Reddy S. Awareness under general anaesthesia. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2014;75:573-7.
36. Winterbottom EH. Insufficient anaesthesia. Br Med J. 1950;1:247.
37. Kotsovolis G, Komninos G. Awareness during anesthesia: how sure can we be that the patient is sleeping indeed? Hippokratia. 2009;13:83-9.
38. Pandit JJ, Cook TM, Jonker WR, O'Sullivan E, 5th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain, Ireland. A national survey of anaesthetists (NAP5 baseline) to estimate an annual incidence of accidental awareness during general anaesthesia in the UK. Br J Anaesth. 2013;110:501-9.
39. Mashour GA, Wang LY, Turner CR, Vandervest JC, Shanks A, Tremper KK. A retrospective study of intraoperative awareness with methodological implications. Anesth Analg. 2009;108:521-6.
40. Pandit JJ, Andrade J, Bogod DG, Hitchman JM, Jonker WR, Lucas N, et al. 5th National Audit Project (NAP5) on accidental awareness during general anaesthesia: summary of main findings and risk factors. Br J Anaesth. 2014;113:549-59.
41. Kent CD, Domino KB. Awareness: practice, standards, and the law. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2007;21:369-83.
42. Morimoto Y, Nogami Y, Harada K, Tsubokawa T, Masui K. Awareness during anesthesia: the results of a questionnaire survey in Japan. J Anesth. 2011;25:72-7.
43. Cook TM, Pandit J, Bogod D, Lucas N, Plaat F. The obstetric RSI. Br J Anaesth. 2015;115:325.
44. Nasser LS, Babatunde S. The obstetric rapid sequence induction: time for a change? Br J Anaesth. 2015;115:324-5.
45. Metzner J, Posner KL, Lam MS, Domino KB. Closed claims' analysis. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2011;25:263-76.
46. Avidan MS, Mashour GA. Prevention of intraoperative awareness with explicit recall: making sense of the evidence. Anesthesiology. 2013;118:449-56.
47. Samuelsson P, Brudin L, Sandin RH. Late psychological symptoms after awareness among consecutively included surgical patients. Anesthesiology. 2007;106:26-32.
48. Pandit JJ, Cook TM, Jonker WR, O'Sullivan E, National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. A national survey of anaesthetists (NAP5 Baseline) to estimate an annual incidence of accidental awareness during general anaesthesia in the UK. Anaesthesia. 2013;68:343-53.
49. Aceto P, Perilli V, Lai C, Sacco T, Ancona P, Gasperin E, et al. Update on post-traumatic stress syndrome after anesthesia. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013;17:1730-7.
50. Largest ever study of awareness during general anaesthesia identifies risk factors and consequences for patients, including long-term psychological, harm. J Perioper Pract. 2014;24:218.
51. Chung HS. Awareness and recall during general anesthesia. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2014;66:339-45.
52. Sandin RH, Enlund G, Samuelsson P, Lennmarken C. Awareness during anaesthesia: a prospective case study. Lancet. 2000;355:707-11.
53. Vivien B, Di Maria S, Ouattara A, Langeron O, Coriat P, Riou B. Overestimation of Bispectral Index in sedated intensive care unit patients revealed by administration of muscle relaxant. Anesthesiology. 2003;99:9-17.
54. Linstedt U, Haecker KG, Prengel AW. Light levels of anaesthesia after relaxation for tracheal intubation -comparison of succinylcholine and cis-atracurium. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2012;56:762-9.
55. Ghoneim MM, Block RI, Haffarnan M, Mathews MJ. Awareness during anesthesia: risk factors, causes and sequelae: a review of reported cases in the literature. Anesth Analg. 2009;108:527-35.
56. Errand CL, Sigl JC, Robles M, Calabuig E, Garcia J, Arocas F, et al. Awareness with recall during general anaesthesia: a prospective observational evaluation of 4001 patients. Br J Anaesth. 2008;101:178-85.
57. Enlund M. TIVA, awareness, and the Brice interview. Author reply. Anesth Analg. 2006;102:967.
58. Mashour GA, Esaki RK, Tremper KK, Glick DB, O'Connor M, Avidan MS. A novel classification instrument for intraoperative awareness events. Anesth Analg. 2010;110:813-5.
59. Mashour GA, Wang LY, Esaki RK, Naughton NN. Operating room desensitization as a novel treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder after intraoperative awareness. Anesthesiology. 2008;109:927-9.
60. Myles PS, Leslie K, McNeil J, Forbes A, Chan MT. Bispectral index monitoring to prevent awareness during anaesthesia: the B-Aware randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;363:1757-63.
61. Mashour GA, Shanks A, Tremper KK, Kheterpal S, Turner CR, Ramachandran SK, et al. Prevention of intraoperative awareness with explicit recall in an unselected surgical population: a randomized comparative effectiveness trial. Anesthesiology. 2012;117:717-25.
62. Mashour GA, Kent C, Picton P, Ramachandran SK, Tremper KK, Turner CR, et al. Assessment of intraoperative awareness with explicit recall: a comparison of 2 methods. Anesth Analg. 2013;116:889-91.
63. Xu L, Wu AS, Yue Y. The incidence of intra-operative awareness during general anesthesia in China: a multi-center observational study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2009;53:873-82.
64. Irwin MG, Hui TW, Milne SE, Kenny GN. Propofol effective concentration 50 and its relationship to bispectral index. Anaesthesia. 2002;57:242-8.
65. Zhang C, Xu L, Ma YQ, Sun YX, Li YH, Zhang L, et al. Bispectral index monitoring prevent awareness during total intravenous anesthesia: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, multi-center controlled trial. Chin Med J (Engl). 2011;124:3664-9.
66. Nino-de Mejía MC, Hennig JdC, Cohen D. El despertar intraoperatorio en anestesia, una revisión. Rev Mex Anestesiol. 2011;34:274-85.
67. Cascella M. Anesthesia awareness. Can midazolam attenuate or prevent memory consolidation on intraoperative awakening during general anesthesia without increasing the risk of postoperative delirium? Korean J Anesthesiol. 2015;68:200-2.
68. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Intraoperative, A., Practice advisory for intraoperative awareness and brain function monitoring: a report by the american society of anesthesiologists task force on intraoperative, awareness. Anesthesiology. 2006;104: 847-64.
How to Cite
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Castellon-Larios K, Rosero BR, Niño-de Mejía MC, Bergese SD. The use of cerebral monitoring for intraoperative awareness. Colomb. J. Anesthesiol. [Internet]. 2016 Jan. 1 [cited 2024 Jul. 2];44(1):23-9. Available from: https://www.revcolanest.com.co/index.php/rca/article/view/63
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2016-01-01
How to Cite
1.
Castellon-Larios K, Rosero BR, Niño-de Mejía MC, Bergese SD. The use of cerebral monitoring for intraoperative awareness. Colomb. J. Anesthesiol. [Internet]. 2016 Jan. 1 [cited 2024 Jul. 2];44(1):23-9. Available from: https://www.revcolanest.com.co/index.php/rca/article/view/63
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